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Medically Approved by Dr Aqua Asif (Jun 18th 2025)
Written by Neil Patel
Prostate cancer affects thousands of men each year, and while many cases remain localised within the prostate, some can spread beyond the gland to other parts of the body. This process, called metastasis, represents a significant change in treatment approach and prognosis. Understanding how and where prostate cancer spreads helps patients and families make informed decisions about their care.
Research shows that early detection significantly improves outcomes. Most early-stage prostate cancers cause no symptoms, which is why early testing with PSA testing and examination is so important. Understanding spread patterns becomes imperative when symptoms of advanced disease do appear, as these may indicate cancer progression beyond the prostate.
How prostate cancer progresses
Prostate cancer behaviour varies significantly depending on its grade and characteristics. While some prostate cancers remain slow-growing for years, others can be more aggressive from the outset. The Gleason score is the most important factor determining how quickly cancer may spread, with higher-grade cancers being much more likely to spread beyond the prostate.
Localised vs. advanced prostate cancer
Localised prostate cancer remains confined within the prostate gland and surrounding tissue. Advanced or metastatic prostate cancer has spread to lymph nodes, bones, or other organs. Even when cancer spreads, it’s still considered prostate cancer because it originates from prostate tissue.
What causes cancer to spread
Cancer cells can break away from the original tumour and move through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Once these cells settle elsewhere, they may begin to grow and form new tumours. A higher gleason score can increase the likelihood of this happening.
Common areas prostate cancer spreads to
Prostate cancer tends to spread in predictable ways rather than randomly, which helps doctors plan monitoring and treatment strategies. It usually moves first to areas that are close to the prostate or connected through the body’s natural systems. Understanding how long you can live with prostate cancer depends largely on where and how extensively it has spread.
Bones
The bones are by far the most common place where prostate cancer spreads, affecting the vast majority of men whose cancer has moved beyond the prostate. The spine is most frequently affected, particularly the lower back, followed by the pelvis, ribs, and thigh bone. Bone metastasis symptoms include:
- Persistent, deep aching pain, especially at night
- Weakness or numbness in legs if spine affected
- Higher chance of broken bones
- Spinal cord compression (medical emergency)
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes, particularly those in the pelvis, are typically the first site where prostate cancer spreads. The lymphatic system includes glands that help the body fight infections and drain fluid. Prostate cancer often spreads to lymph nodes in the pelvic area, where it can cause noticeable discomfort or swelling.
Signs of lymph node involvement:
- Swelling or pressure in the lower abdomen
- Fluid build-up in the legs (lymphoedema)
- Pain or heaviness in the pelvic area
Liver and lungs (less common)
Although less common, prostate cancer can spread to organs like the liver and lungs in more advanced stages. These areas might not show symptoms early on, so changes can be easy to overlook. Look out for:
- Shortness of breath or persistent cough
- Right-side abdominal pain or fullness
- Yellowing of the skin or unexplained weight loss
Other sites
Rarely, prostate cancer may spread to the brain, adrenal glands, or other organs. These patterns typically occur in very advanced disease and require specialised management.
Symptoms of prostate cancer spread
Not all symptoms of cancer spread are easy to spot or dramatic in nature. Many are mild at first and can look like other common health issues. These should not be ignored, especially in men with a family history of prostate cancer.
Signs of bone metastasis
Bone pain is often one of the first signs that prostate cancer has spread. This pain may feel like a constant ache or become sharp and intense, especially at night. Some men may also notice difficulty walking or numbness if the spine is affected.
Lymph node swelling or discomfort
When cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, it can block normal fluid drainage in the body. This might lead to swelling or a feeling of pressure in areas like the groin or legs. These changes may be gradual, so it’s important to speak to your doctor if anything feels off.
General signs of advanced cancer
Fatigue that doesn’t go away, even with rest, can be an early warning sign. Unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, or a general sense of feeling unwell may also suggest the cancer is affecting more of the body. These symptoms might seem vague, but they should never be ignored.
How doctors detect cancer spread
Doctors use a mix of imaging, blood tests, and tissue analysis to find out if prostate cancer has spread. These tests help define the stages of the disease and shape your treatment plan. You may work with different consultants during this process, each offering expertise in diagnosis and treatment planning.
Imaging tests (MRI, CT, Bone Scans)
Scans like PSMA-PET, MRI and CT help doctors see detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. Bone scans are used to detect cancer that has moved into the bones, sometimes even before symptoms appear. A PET scan may also be used if doctors need more clarity about the spread.
Blood tests (PSA, alkaline phosphatase)
The PSA test is one of the main ways to monitor prostate cancer activity over time. If PSA levels are rising, it could mean the cancer is growing or spreading. Alkaline phosphatase is another blood test used to check for possible bone involvement.
Tissue analysis and genomic testing
Modern medical suitability assessments may include genetic testing for mutations like BRCA1/2, which affect both treatment options and family screening recommendations.
What to do if you’re at risk
Some men have a higher chance of developing advanced prostate cancer due to factors like age, genetics, or a prior diagnosis. Understanding your prostate risk and acting early can make a real difference. Taking action early helps reduce complications and leads to better outcomes.
When to seek medical advice
It’s important to speak with your doctor if you notice any unusual symptoms or ongoing health changes. Tiredness, pain, or appetite loss may not seem serious but could relate to cancer spread. Discussing these issues early can lead to better outcomes and faster treatment. Contact your healthcare provider promptly if you experience: new, persistent bone pain (especially at night); unexplained fatigue lasting several weeks; unintentional weight loss; changes in urinary or bowel symptoms; loss of appetite; neurological symptoms like weakness or numbness.
Importance of regular monitoring
For men already diagnosed with prostate cancer, regular follow-up allows early detection of spread. This might include PSA monitoring, imaging studies, and symptom assessment.
Treatment options for metastatic disease
Even if prostate cancer can spread, many men continue to live well with the right treatment and support. Modern treatments have dramatically improved outcomes for metastatic prostate cancer. Our team can also advise on treatments such as active surveillance, radiotherapy, or hormone therapy.
Treatment options include:
- Hormone therapies, including abiraterone and enzalutamide
- Chemotherapy combined with hormone therapy (triplet therapy)
- Radiotherapy for bone pain or tumour control
- Clinical trials for new and emerging drugs
- Pain relief and support through palliative care teams
Focal therapy treatment may be appropriate for carefully selected patients with localised disease, potentially avoiding or delaying more intensive treatments.
Living with metastatic disease
Modern treatment approaches have improved survival for advanced prostate cancer. While cancer that has spread remains serious, many men now live for years with a good quality of life. The outlook has improved significantly, with continued improvements expected as new treatments become available.
The key factors affecting outlook include:
- Initial cancer grade and stage
- Sites of metastasis
- Response to initial treatment
- Overall health and fitness
- Access to modern therapies
Conclusion
Understanding where prostate cancer spreads and recognising warning signs empowers men to seek appropriate care promptly. While it’s normal to feel concerned about how the cancer might progress, having the right information can guide your decisions. With early detection, the right treatment, and a strong support system, many men continue to live full and active lives even after a diagnosis of advanced prostate cancer.
FAQs
Where does prostate cancer spread first?
The bones and nearby lymph nodes are usually the first places where prostate cancer spreads to. These areas are close to the prostate and are easily reached through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Early symptoms may include pain in the hips or swelling in the legs.
Where does prostate cancer spread to after the bones?
After the bones, prostate cancer can spread to other organs like the liver or lungs. This tends to happen in more advanced stages of the disease. Signs may include breathlessness, discomfort in the abdomen, or yellowing of the skin.
What are signs prostate cancer has spread?
Some warning signs are fatigue, ongoing bone pain (especially at night), and unexpected weight loss, or new urinary symptoms. You might also notice swelling in the legs or symptoms tied to specific organs like coughing or digestive issues. These symptoms vary depending on where the cancer has spread.
How fast does prostate cancer usually spread?
Spread rate depends on the cancer’s grade. High-grade cancers (high Gleason scores) can spread rapidly, while low-grade cancers may remain stable for years. Ongoing check-ups are important for tracking the condition and adjusting your care as needed.
References
Parker CC, et al. Radiotherapy to the primary tumour for newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018;392:2353-66.
Sartor O, et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1091-1103.
Kasivisvanathan V, et al. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1767-1777.
EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer 2024 Update.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer Version 3. 2024.
This blog post is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider about your specific situation and options.
